This IMF Working Paper recommends a system of upstream taxes on fossil fuels, combined with refunds for downstream emissions capture, to reduce carbon and local pollution emissions. Motor fuel taxes
Energy subsidies are widespread across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), accounting for about half of global energy subsidies. While these subsidies provide some support to poor consumers, their
This IMF Working Paper reviews evidence on the impact of fuel subsidy reform on household welfare in developing countries. On average, the burden of subsidy reform is neutrally distributed across
Subsidies are intended to protect consumers by keeping prices low. However, they hinder governments’ efforts to reduce budget deficits and directly support the poor, encourage excessive energy consumption, and reduce
Vietnam’s rapid development comes with sizeable drawbacks, as it is currently coupled with a rise in environmental pollution, such as increased exhaust fumes, noise pollution and growing problems of solid
Petroleum Product Subsidies. Costly, Inequitable, and Rising (IMF 2010) Petroleum product subsidies have again started to rise with the rebound in international prices. This note reviews recent developments in subsidy
Feed-in Tariffs as a Policy Instrument for Promoting Renewable Energies and Green Economies in Developing Countries (UNEP 2012) Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) is counted as the most prevalent national renewable energy policy
Energy Subsidy Reform. Lessons and Implications (IMF 2013) This book provides the most comprehensive estimates of worldwide energy subsidies currently available, drawing on data from 176 countries. It lays out
Efforts to control atmospheric accumulations of greenhouse gases that threaten to heat up the planet are in their infancy. Although the IMF is not an environmental organization, environmental issues matter
The international aviation and maritime sectors today enjoy relatively favorable tax treatment, as their fuels are not taxed and the sectors are not subject to any value-added tax or turnover
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